Risk factors and vulnerablpopulations to candidiasis infection: a literature review

Abstract

Introduction: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a fungal infection of the female genitourinary tract caused by Candida albicans, which proliferates due to alterations in the vaginal mucosa, leading to symptoms such as milky discharge, burning, itching, hyperemia, and dyspareunia. Predisposing factors include pregnancy, immune diseases, prolonged antibiotic and antifungal use, inadequate hygiene, and genetics. However, low education and income become extremely important risk factors as they make vulnerable women more exposed. Methodology: This narrative literature review analyzed 20 articles published in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, consulting databases such as PubMed, SciELO, and BVS. The selection prioritized full-text articles in Portuguese, published between 2004 and 2024. After applying rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, 8 articles were analyzed. Boolean operators "AND," "OR," and "NOT" were used to refine the search. Descriptors used included: candidiasis, risk factors, and vulnerability. Results and Discussion: The analysis identified risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), such as pregnancy, immunosuppression, use of oral contraceptives, prolonged antibiotic therapy, inadequate hygiene, and genetic predisposition. Pregnant women and patients with HIV/AIDS or diabetes have higher prevalence due to hormonal changes and immunosuppression. Adolescents and postmenopausal women are also vulnerable. Low income and education increase the risk due to lack of information and poor hygiene conditions. Preventive strategies during prenatal care, chronic disease control, and guidance on contraceptives and antibiotics are crucial to reducing the incidence of VVC. Conclusion: The analyzed literature demonstrated the prevalence of VVC in low-income and low-education populations due to misinformation and low healthcare assistance, reinforcing the important role of primary care in prevention, diagnosis, and adequate treatment through routine consultations, prenatal care, chronic and immune disease control programs, and active outreach in vulnerable populations.